Effect Of Aging On The Reproductive Systems Biology Essay

Effect Of Aging On The Reproductive Systems Biology Essay Reproduction is the process by which organisms generate offspring. Whilst the reproductive system is essential to keeping a species alive, it is not essential to keeping an individual alive. Reproduction is a characteristic that all living things have in common and one of the things that sets them apart from non living things. Effects of aging on the male reproductive system The male reproductive system consists of the testes, a series of ducts and glands and a penis. Sperm are produced in the testes and are transported through the reproductive ducts (including the epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct and urethra). The reproductive glands (including the seminal vesicles and prostate gland) produce secretions that become part of semen, the fluid that is ejaculated from the urethra. As males age testicular tissue mass decreases, sperm production decreases and erectile function changes. Men, unlike women, do not experience a sudden change in fertility as they age. Instead, changes occur gradually during a process known as andropause. Andropause is a term used to describe a male menopause characterized by a decrease in testosterone. Although not an officially recognized medical term, the notion of andropause has existed since the 1940s. This relates to the slow but steady reduction of the production of the hormones testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone in middle-aged men which is associated with a decrease in leydig cells (found adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testes). The female menopause is a complete cessation of reproductive ability caused by the cessation of the female reproductive system. Andropause is a decline in certain male hormones but it does not cause a mans reproductive system to stop working altogether. The frequency, duration, and rigidity of erections gradually decline throughout adulthood. Levels of testosterone (the male sex hormone) tend to decrease, reducing sex drive (libido) for some men. Sexual responses may become slower and less intense. While this may also be related to decreasing testosterone levels, it can also result from other psychological or social changes related to aging. The impact of low levels of testosterone has also been connected to other symptoms associated with aging including; nervousness, depression, impaired memory, the inability to concentrate, fatigue, insomnia, hot flushes and sweating. Erectile dysfunction (male impotence) is characterized by the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance and it is often associated with the aging process. However, erectile dysfunction is more likely to be the result of a medical or psychological problem rather than simple aging. Medications can cause some men to be unable to develop or maintain an erection. In addition, any disorder that impairs blood flow in the penis or causes injury to the nerves has the potential to cause erectile dysfunction. Although it is not an inevitable part of aging, incidences increase with age: about 5 percent of 40-year-old men and between 15 and 25 percent of 65-year-old men experience erectile dysfunction. Blood flow to the penis decreases with age. Other changes include decreases in penile sensitivity and ejaculatory volume, reduced forewarning of ejaculation, orgasm without ejaculation, more rapid detumescence (the return of an erect penis to its natural flaccid state) state, and a longer refractory period (the recovery phase after orgasm before being arousable again). A process called sclerosis may mean that the tubes that carry sperm become less elastic. The testes continue to produce sperm, but the rate of sperm cell production slows. The epididymis, seminal vesicles, and prostate gland lose some of their surface cells but continue to produce the fluid that helps carry sperm. Approximately 50% of men suffer from a condition known as benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) in which the prostate gland enlarges with age and some of the prostate tissue is replaced with fibroid tissue. This can cause problems with ejaculation and with urination as this partially blocks the urethra (the tube that drains the bladder). Vesicoureteral reflux (backup of urine into the kidneys) may develop if the bladder is inadequately drained, eventually resulting in kidney failure if untreated. Fertility varies from man to man. The volume of fluid ejaculated usually remains the same, throughout life, however, with age there are generally fewer living sperm in the fluid. Prostate cancer becomes more common as men age and bladder cancel is common in older men. Testicular cancers generally occur more often in younger men. Effects of aging on the female reproductive system Menopause is the permanent end of menstrual periods and the end of fertility in women. The average age of menopause for women in the UK is 52. However, menopause may occur normally in women as young as 40. Menopause is considered premature when it occurs before age 40 (also called premature ovarian failure). During the reproductive years, menstrual periods usually occur in approximate monthly cycles, with an egg released from the ovary about 2 weeks after the first day of a period. For this cycle to occur regularly, the ovaries must produce enough oestrogen and progesterone hormone. A distinctive transitional period called perimenopause occurs during the years before and for one year after the last menstrual period. During perimenopause, oestrogen and progesterone levels fluctuate widely, menstrual periods and ovulation become irregular, and symptoms (such as hot flushes) may occur. Eventually, menstrual periods and ovulation end permanently, and pregnancy is no longer possible. Around menopause changes in the genital organs occur rapidly. The tissues of the labia minora, clitoris, vagina, and urethra atrophy. This atrophy can result in chronic irritation, dryness, and a discharge from the vagina which can increase the likeliness of vaginal infections developing. The lining of the vagina becomes thinner, drier, and less elastic and this may make sexual intercourse painful and may increase the risk of inflammation (vaginitis). The labia minora, clitoris, uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries all decrease in size. The lining of the urethra becomes thinner, and the urethra becomes shorter. Because of these changes, microorganisms can enter the body more easily, and some women develop urinary tract infections more easily. With aging, there is a decrease in the amount of muscle and connective tissue, including the muscles, ligaments, and other tissues that support the bladder, uterus, vagina, and rectum. As a result, the affected organs may prolapse (sag or drop down). This can cause a feeling of pelvic pressure or fullness and possible difficulties urinating and/or pain during sexual intercourse. The muscles that control the flow of urine out of the bladder become weaker and stress incontinence can develop. Some women develop urge incontinence, which is an abrupt, intense urge to urinate that cannot be suppressed. Because there is less oestrogen to stimulate milk ducts, the breasts decrease in size and may sag (also due to connective tissue decreasing and fibrous tissue being replaced with fat). Despite these changes, woman can and still do enjoy sexual activity. In addition, after menopause, the ovaries and adrenal glands continue to produce small amounts of testosterone which can: help maintain the sex drive, slow the loss of muscle tissue, and contribute to an overall sense of well-being. Other symptoms thought to be connected to the menopause are mood changes, depression, irritability, hot flushes, anxiety, nervousness, sleep disturbances/insomnia, loss of concentration, headache, and fatigue. However, these symptoms may not directly be related to the decreases in oestrogen levels that occur with menopause as many other factors (such as aging itself or a medical problem) could explain the symptoms. After menopause the decrease in oestrogen levels causes changes that can continue to negatively affect overall health. As oestrogen decreases, the amount of collagen (a protein that makes skin strong) and elastin (a protein that makes skin elastic) also decrease. Thus, the skin may become thinner, dryer, less elastic, and more vulnerable to injury. Oestrogen decreases can also often leads to a decrease in bone density and sometimes to osteoporosis because oestrogen helps maintain bone. Bone becomes less dense and weaker, making fractures more likely. After menopause, levels of lipids, particularly low-density lipoprotein (LDL bad cholesterol), increase in women while levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL good cholesterol) decrease. These changes in lipid levels may also partly explain why atherosclerosis and thus coronary artery disease become more common among women after menopause. Until menopause, the high oestrogen levels may protect against coronary artery disease.

Oil and wasser assignment Essay

The story began from two enterprises. The company Royal –biscuit, would like to merge Edeling, a company from Germany. Brighton, CEO of Royal-biscuit, had coordinated with Wallach for many times. When they decide to merge together, they should have known that both of their cultures are quite incompatible which might result in severe conflict. In this case, we can see that most of the difficulties are about cross-culture difference. The culture of Royal-Biscuit emphasizes â€Å"Active†, â€Å"Ambitious†, and â€Å"Fast-training†, and that’s the reason why it changed food industry in UK within 10 years. However, Edeling is a family owned business with 120-year history, and quite popular in Germany. Employee in Royal-Biscuit were afraid that they might make things slowly down if everything are well-prepared and step by step, while employee in Edeling were afraid that they didn’t respect their history at all, just eager to succeed in short term. Such situation not only happened in internal management, but also happened in human resource, like recruitment for talented. Brighton wanted to integrate two companies ASAP, so that they train they staff to own leadership by â€Å"Learning and doing†. They put them in the managerial position directly. On the other hand, Edeling has a successful business model due to their system and operation. They cultivate their leader by sending them to college of commerce and doing work from basic level. Not only culture difference in both company, but also about â€Å"Nation difference†.

Applications for Psychology in Adult Learning - 1319 Words

Psychology and adult learning are inherently linked given their focus upon the internal processes of the mind. The field of psychology has increasingly been applied to inform the adult education practice. Psychology is oftentimes incorporated into the foundation of the training that is received by adult educators in training. The field of psychology provides answers to questions that are common within adult education. These questions include â€Å"What motivates students to attend classes? Through what processes to adults learn best? How can I adjust my teaching practices to take into account the learning styles of my students?† (Tennant, 2006). The capacity of adult educators to effectively understand the learning processes and needs of†¦show more content†¦SECTION II: KEY FINDINGS AND INTERPRETATION Key Findings The first key finding is the fact that adults do not experience a decrease in IQ as they grow older (Clegg, Hollis, Mawhood, Rutter, 2005). This means that instructional practices need not be made simpler or easier to process for adults in education. The process of growing into an adult involves the development of identity and one’s societal position. Thus the development experienced by the adult depends in a sense upon their status and position in life. Through an understanding of the psychological implications of adults seeking out education, the adult educator is able to make better informed decisions by tailoring practices to the psychological receptivity of their students (Tennant, 2006). Psychology is a diverse field that is oftentimes centered upon scientific experimentation. This makes it difficult at times to apply the findings to the practical environment. Pourchot and Smith (2004) have found that despite the fact that many adult educators consid er developmental psychology to be inapplicable to adult education given that experimental results are inapplicable to practice, there are still benefits to be realized through the application of developmental psychology into the realm of adult education. It was found that given adult styles of cognition, instruction is most effective when it matches â€Å"real-life applications within learners’ social contexts†Show MoreRelatedEducation: Learning Environments1190 Words   |  5 PagesLearning environments that effectively meet the needs of adult students build upon the wealth of knowledge in the classroom, are student-driven, and have direct application to the problems of the adults everyday life. In this essay, I will reflect upon a traditional learning experience that I experienced as an early college student. Additionally, using Knowles theory of adult learning, I will consider how the experience could have been adapted. Traditional Learning Context As a 17 year old inRead MoreTraditional Learning and Adult Learning1205 Words   |  5 Pages Learning environments that effectively meet the needs of adult students build upon the wealth of knowledge in the classroom, are student-driven, and have direct application to the problems of the adults everyday life. In this essay, I will reflect upon a traditional learning experience that I experienced as an early college student. Additionally, using Knowles theory of adult learning, I will consider how the experience could have been adapted. Traditional Learning Context As a 17 year old inRead MoreBehavioral Approach And Consistent Misunderstanding And Devaluation1344 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Behaviorism application to early childhood, the behavioral approach and consistent misunderstanding and devaluation exists among many professional in the early childhood field. In this paper, it will discuss the important figures in developing behaviorism, the principal elements of the theory and relevant periods of development through adolescence. In addition, it will identify and describe the critical features of the behavioral approach and their similarities to early childhood and theRead MorePiagets Theory of Cognitive Development959 Words   |  4 Pagesphilosopher by the name of Jean Piaget took an interest in in developmental psychology; specifically in children during infancy through pre-adolescence. This model developed by Piaget still has a modern-day relevancy. Contributions to Learning and Cognition Piaget made a considerable contribution to psychology with his studies of cognition; his main focus was on understanding the difference between children and adults. â€Å"Applying Piaget s theory of cognitive development to the education of childrenRead MoreFactors Affecting Teaching And Leadership Essay1728 Words   |  7 PagesAFFECTING TEACHING AND LEADERSHIP Contents Abstract 3 Introduction 4 Theories of psychology of education and learning 4 Benefits of Educational Psychology 5 Constructivism 5 Student Diversity in the Classroom 6 Out-of-School Influences 7 Bibliography 9 Abstract In this assignment, we have tried to list and analyse the factors that affect the teaching and learning of children and young people and evaluate the importance of individual differences in this scenarioRead MoreSelf Learning Methods Towards Educational Improvements1017 Words   |  5 PagesRealizing that the individual, who is attempting or engaging the self-learning methods towards educational improvements. The working memory must be considered as a factor in the effectiveness of each individual’s success. Baddeley and Hitch (1974) developed a substitute reproduction of short-term recall which they called â€Å"working memory.† Understanding the process and storage process of Short term memory with its limited storage, working memory would not be characterized by, or aiming toward unityRead MoreMy Experience At Saint John s University979 Words   |  4 Pagesadolescence, and some of my adult life. Here is where I found the inspiration to transition from teaching in to educational psychology. Obtaining an opportunity or access to good education is limited in my community. Moreover, in the larger Bahamas, children lack the resources, abilities, and motivation to be successful in their academic performance in elementary and high school. Studying at the graduate level will provide me with an advanced knowledge in educational psychology, which will allow me toRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory And Theory1673 Words   |  7 Pagesbecome the director of research at the Jean-Jacques Rousseau Institute in Geneva (Presnell). Here, he would work in the field of child psychology and guide students. He planned to study the emergence of intelligence for the first two years and then return to the origins of mental health. The results of his work were published in the first five books on child psychology. It was during this time that he met Valentine Chatenay, a student of the Institute. Later he married her and she became a constantRead MoreWashington State s Primary Land Grant University1017 Words   |  5 Pagesaccrediting agencies in the U.S. The clinical psychology and counseling psychology degrees are recognized by the American Psychological Association’s Commission on Accreditation. The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) accredits the accounting, business administration and hospitality business management degrees. Washington State University Application Requirements Washington State University starts accepting applications in January for the spring semester. ApplicantsRead MoreThe Prevalence Of Mental Health Disorders1335 Words   |  6 Pagesfor Disease Control (2015), one out of five adolescents are diagnosed with a mental health disorder and 15 million children are estimated with a mental health diagnosis. Having resources available to this population from the advanced schools of psychology is vital to maintaining healthy interventions for our future children and adolescents. Furthermore, it’s imperative to review not only the diagnosis of the children experiencing mental health systems, but to also review systemically the entire